Add ccache for cmake caching + optimise dockerfile ordering for cache usage

[spwoodcock]

Dockerfile caching

• While debugging Ensure we use GDAL 3.11.1 in Python bindings after 24.04 upgrade #1958 it was a bit of a pain having to do lots of slow rebuilds for testing.
• Builds previously took about 2529.5s with buildkit on my Framework 16. After the PR for GDAL 3.11.1 building, it takes 2823.0s.
• The initial build after this PR took a marginally longer 3212.5s, with subsequent builds taking a much shorter 1976.9s (~46m --> 33m).
• I tested again modifying a version in requirements.txt using the ccache cache, giving 1626.3s build time - big improvement!

CI caching

• I took the opportunity to add some caching to the primary docker publish workflow.
• As a result, I upgraded most of the workflow versions, which are 5yrs outdated.
• The only breaking change I saw was with the metadata action - updated.

Note

The windows build and GPU build CI workflows also need updating to match this.
Testing with the single workflow first, then we can propagate across.